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Perl POD Document | 2009-03-29 | 22.6 KB | 674 lines

# Copyright (C) 2003-2009 by the gtk2-perl team (see the file AUTHORS for # the full list) # # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under # the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the Free # Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) # any later version. # # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Library General Public License for # more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License # along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. # # $Id: Glib.pm 1117 2009-03-29 14:35:14Z tsch $ # package Glib; use 5.008; use strict; use warnings; use Exporter; require DynaLoader; our @ISA = qw(DynaLoader Exporter); use constant { TRUE => 1, FALSE => !1, # can't use !TRUE at this point G_PRIORITY_HIGH => -100, G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT => 0, G_PRIORITY_HIGH_IDLE => 100, G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT_IDLE => 200, G_PRIORITY_LOW => 300, G_PARAM_READWRITE => [qw/readable writable/], SOURCE_CONTINUE => 1, SOURCE_REMOVE => !1, }; # export nothing by default. # export functions and constants by request. our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( constants => [qw/ TRUE FALSE G_PRIORITY_HIGH G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT G_PRIORITY_HIGH_IDLE G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT_IDLE G_PRIORITY_LOW G_PARAM_READWRITE /], functions => [qw/ filename_to_unicode filename_from_unicode filename_to_uri filename_from_uri filename_display_name filename_display_basename /], ); our @EXPORT_OK = map { @$_ } values %EXPORT_TAGS; $EXPORT_TAGS{all} = \@EXPORT_OK; our $VERSION = '1.221'; sub dl_load_flags { $^O eq 'darwin' ? 0x00 : 0x01 } Glib->bootstrap ($VERSION); package Glib::Flags; use overload 'bool' => \&bool, '+' => \&union, '|' => \&union, '-' => \&sub, '>=' => \&ge, '==' => \&eq, 'eq' => \&eq, '!=' => \&ne, 'ne' => \&ne, '*' => \&intersect, '&' => \&intersect, '/' => \&xor, '^' => \&xor, '@{}' => \&as_arrayref, '""' => sub { "[ @{$_[0]} ]" }, fallback => 1; package Glib::Error; use overload '""' => sub { $_[0]->message.$_[0]->location }, fallback => 1; sub location { $_[0]->{location} } sub message { $_[0]->{message} } sub domain { $_[0]->{domain} } sub value { $_[0]->{value} } sub code { $_[0]->{code} } package Glib::Object::Property; use Carp; sub TIESCALAR { # in the array reference the elements are: # [0] Glib::Object # [1] property name bless [ $_[1], $_[2] ], $_[0]; } sub STORE { croak 'property '.$_[0][1].' is read-only'; } sub FETCH { '[write-only]'; } package Glib::Object::Property::Readable; our @ISA = qw/Glib::Object::Property/; sub FETCH { $_[0][0]->get_property ($_[0][1]); } package Glib::Object::Property::Writable; our @ISA = qw/Glib::Object::Property/; sub STORE { $_[0][0]->set_property ($_[0][1], $_[1]); } package Glib::Object::Property::ReadWrite; our @ISA = qw/Glib::Object::Property/; *FETCH = \&Glib::Object::Property::Readable::FETCH; *STORE = \&Glib::Object::Property::Writable::STORE; package Glib::Object; use Carp; sub tie_properties { my $self = shift; # the object my $all = shift; # add all properties, up heirarchy my @props = $self->list_properties; my $package = ref $self; my $name; foreach my $prop (@props) { # skip to next if it doesn't belong to this package and # they don't want everything tied next if ($prop->{owner_type} ne $package and not $all); $name = $prop->{name}; $name =~ s/-/_/g; carp "overwriting existing non-tied hash key $name" if (exists ($self->{$name}) and not tied $self->{$name}); if ($prop->{flags} >= ["readable", "writable"]) { tie $self->{$name}, 'Glib::Object::Property::ReadWrite', $self, $name; } elsif ($prop->{flags} >= "readable") { tie $self->{$name}, 'Glib::Object::Property::Readable', $self, $name; } elsif ($prop->{flags} >= "writable") { tie $self->{$name}, 'Glib::Object::Property::Writable', $self, $name; } else { # if it's not readable and not writable what is it? } } } package Glib::Object::_LazyLoader; use strict; no strict qw(refs); use vars qw($AUTOLOAD); push @Carp::CARP_NOT, __PACKAGE__; # These two overrides won't keep explicit calls to UNIVERSAL::(isa|can) # from breaking if called before anything is loaded, but those should # be quite rare. sub isa { # we really shouldn't get in here at all if $_[0] is undefined. _load (ref($_[0]) || $_[0]); $_[0]->SUPER::isa ($_[1]); } sub can { # we really shouldn't get in here at all if $_[0] is undefined. _load (ref($_[0]) || $_[0]); $_[0]->SUPER::can ($_[1]); } sub AUTOLOAD { (my $method = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/^.*:://; (my $lazy_class = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/::[^:]*$//; my $object_or_type = shift; _load ($lazy_class); die "Something is very broken, couldn't lazy load $lazy_class" if $object_or_type->isa (__PACKAGE__); # try again return $object_or_type->$method (@_); } package Glib; 1; __END__ =head1 NAME Glib - Perl wrappers for the GLib utility and Object libraries =head1 SYNOPSIS use Glib; =head1 ABSTRACT This module provides perl access to GLib and GLib's GObject libraries. GLib is a portability and utility library; GObject provides a generic type system with inheritance and a powerful signal system. Together these libraries are used as the foundation for many of the libraries that make up the Gnome environment, and are used in many unrelated projects. =head1 DESCRIPTION This wrapper attempts to provide a perlish interface while remaining as true as possible to the underlying C API, so that any reference materials you can find on using GLib may still apply to using the libraries from perl. This module also provides facilities for creating wrappers for other GObject-based libraries. The L<SEE ALSO> section contains pointers to all sorts of good information. =head1 PERL VERSUS C GLib provides to C programs many of the same facilities Perl offers natively. Where GLib's functionality overlaps Perl's, Perl's is favored. Some concepts have been eliminated entirely, as Perl is a higher-level language than C. In other instances we've had to add or change APIs to make sense in Perl. Here's a quick run-down: =head2 Perl Already Does That The GLib types GList (a doubly-linked list), GSList (singly-linked list), GHashTable, GArray, etc have all been replaced by native Perl datatypes. In fact, many functions which take GLists or arrays simply accept lists on the Perl stack. For the most part, GIOChannels are no more functional than Perl file handles, so you won't see any GIOChannels. GClosures are not visible at the Perl level, because Perl code references do the same thing. Just about any function taking either a C function pointer or a GClosure will accept a code reference in Perl. (In fact, you can probably get away with just a subroutine name in many spots, provided you aren't using strict subs.) =head2 Don't Worry About That Some concepts have been eliminated; you need never worry about reference-counting on GObjects or having to free GBoxed structures. Perl is a garbage-collected language, and we've put a lot of work into making the bindings take care of memory for you in a way that feels natural to a Perl developer. You won't see GValues in Perl (that's just a C structure with Perl scalar envy, anyway). =head2 This Is Now That Other GLib concepts have been converted to an analogous Perl concept. The GType id will never be seen in Perl, as the package name serves that purpose. Several packages corresponding to the GTypes of the fundamental types have been registered for you: G_TYPE_STRING Glib::String G_TYPE_INT Glib::Int G_TYPE_UINT Glib::UInt G_TYPE_DOUBLE Glib::Double G_TYPE_BOOLEAN Glib::Boolean The remaining fundamentals (char/uchar, short, float, etc) are also registered so that we can properly interact with properties of C objects, but perl really only uses ints, uints, and doubles. Oh, and we created a GBoxed type for Perl scalars so you can use scalars where any boxed type would be allowed (e.g. GtkTreeModel columns): Glib::Scalar Functions that can return false and set a GError in C raise an exception in Perl, using an exception object based on the GError for $@; see L<Glib::Error>. Trapping exceptions in signals is a sticky issue, so they get their own section; see L<EXCEPTIONS>. Enumerations and flags are treated as strings and arrays of strings, respectively. GLib provides a way to register nicknames for enumeration values, and the Perl bindings use these nicknames for the real values, so that we never have to deal with numbers in Perl. This can get a little cumbersome for bitfields, but it's very nice when you forget a flag value, as the bindings will tell you what values are accepted when you pass something invalid. Also, the bindings consider the - and _ characters to be equivalent, so that signal and property names can be properly stringified by the => operator. For example, the following are equivalent: # property foo-matic of type FooType, using the # value FOO_SOMETHING_COOL. its nickname would be # 'something-cool'. you may use either the full # name or the nickname when supplying values to perl. $object->set ('foo-matic', 'FOO_SOMETHING_COOL'); $object->set ('foo_matic', 'something_cool'); $object->set (foo_matic => 'something-cool'); Beware that Perl will always return to you the nickname form, with the dash. Flags have some additional magic abilities in the form of overloaded operators: + or | union of two flagsets ("add") - difference of two flagsets ("sub", "remove") * or & intersection of two bitsets ("and") / or ^ symmetric difference ("xor", you will rarely need this) >= contains-operator ("is the left set a superset of the right set?") == equality In addition, flags in boolean context indicate whether they are empty or not, which allows you to write common operations naturally: $widget->set_events ($widget->get_events - "motion_notify_mask"); $widget->set_events ($widget->get_events - ["motion_notify_mask", "button_press_mask"]); # shift pressed (both work, it's a matter of taste) if ($event->state >= "shift-mask") { ... if ($event->state * "shift-mask") { ... # either shift OR control pressed? if ($event->state * ["shift-mask", "control-mask"]) { ... # both shift AND control pressed? if ($event->state >= ["shift-mask", "control-mask"]) { ... In general, C<+> and C<-> work as expected to add or remove flags. To test whether I<any> bits are set in a mask, you use C<$mask * ...>, and to test whether I<all> bits are set in a mask, you use C<< $mask >= ... >>. When dereferenced as an array C<@$flags> or C<< $flags->[...] >>, you can access the flag values directly as strings (but you are not allowed to modify the array), and when stringified C<"$flags"> a flags value will output a human-readable version of its contents. =head2 It's All the Same For the most part, the remaining bits of GLib are unchanged. GMainLoop is now Glib::MainLoop, GObject is now Glib::Object, GBoxed is now Glib::Boxed, etc. =head1 FILENAMES, URIS AND ENCODINGS Perl knows two datatypes, unicode text and binary bytes. Filenames on a system that doesn't use a utf-8 locale are often stored in a local encoding ("binary bytes"). Gtk+ and descendants, however, internally work in unicode most of the time, so when feeding a filename into a GLib/Gtk+ function that expects a filename, you first need to convert it from the local encoding to unicode. This involves some elaborate guessing, which perl currently avoids, but GLib and Gtk+ do. As an exception, some Gtk+ functions want a filename in local encoding, but the perl interface usually works around this by automatically converting it for you. In short: Everything should be in unicode on the perl level. The following functions expose the conversion algorithm that GLib uses. These functions are only necessary when you want to use perl functions to manage filenames returned by a GLib/Gtk+ function, or when you feed filenames into GLib/Gtk+ functions that have their source outside your program (e.g. commandline arguments, readdir results etc.). These functions are available as exports by request (see L</Exports>), and also support method invocation syntax for pathological consistency with the OO syntax of the rest of the bindings. =over 4 =item $filename = filename_to_unicode $filename_in_local_encoding =item $filename = Glib->filename_to_unicode ($filename_in_local_encoding) Convert a perl string that supposedly contains a filename in local encoding into a filename represented as unicode, the same way that GLib does it internally. Example: $gtkfilesel->set_filename (filename_to_unicode $ARGV[1]); This function will croak() if the conversion cannot be made, e.g., because the utf-8 is invalid. =item $filename_in_local_encoding = filename_from_unicode $filename =item $filename_in_local_encoding = Glib->filename_from_unicode ($filename) Converts a perl string containing a filename into a filename in the local encoding in the same way GLib does it. Example: open MY, "<", filename_from_unicode $gtkfilesel->get_filename; =back It might be useful to know that perl currently has no policy at all regarding filename issues, if your scalar happens to be in utf-8 internally it will use utf-8, if it happens to be stored as bytes, it will use it as-is. When dealing with filenames that you need to display, there is a much easier way, as of Glib 1.120 and glib 2.6.0: =over 4 =item $uft8_string = filename_display_name ($filename) =item $uft8_string = filename_display_basename ($filename) Given a I<$filename> in filename encoding, return the filename, or just the file's basename, in utf-8. Unlike the other functions described above, this one is guaranteed to return valid utf-8, but the conversion is not necessarily reversible. These functions are intended to be used for failsafe display of filenames, for example in gtk+ labels. Since glib 2.6, Glib 1.12 =back The following convert filenames to and from URI encoding. (See also L<URI::file>.) =over 4 =item $string = filename_to_uri ($filename, $hostname) =item $string = Glib->filename_to_uri ($filename, $hostname) Return a "file://" schema URI for a filename. Unsafe and non-ascii chars in C<$filename> are escaped with URI "%" forms. C<$filename> must be an absolute path as a byte string in local filesystem encoding. C<$hostname> is a utf-8 string, or empty or C<undef> for no host specified. For example, filename_to_uri ('/my/x%y/<dir>/foo.html', undef); # returns 'file:///my/x%25y/%3Cdir%3E/foo.html' If C<$filename> is a relative path or C<$hostname> doesn't look like a hostname then C<filename_to_uri> croaks with a C<Glib::Error>. When using the class style C<< Glib->filename_to_uri >> remember that the C<$hostname> argument is mandatory. If you forget then it looks like a 2-argument call with filename of "Glib" and hostname of what you meant to be the filename. =item $filename = filename_from_uri ($uri) =item ($filename, $hostname) = filename_from_uri ($uri) Extract the filename and hostname from a "file://" schema URI. In scalar context just the filename is returned, in array context both filename and hostname are returned. The filename returned is bytes in the local filesystem encoding and with the OS path separator character. The hostname returned is utf-8. For example, ($f,$h) = filename_from_uri ('file://foo.com/r%26b/bar.html'); # returns '/r&b/bar.html' and 'foo.com' on Unix If C<$uri> is not a "file:", or is mal-formed, or the hostname part doesn't look like a host name then C<filename_from_uri> croaks with a C<Glib::Error>. =back =head1 EXCEPTIONS The C language doesn't support exceptions; GLib is a C library, and of course doesn't support exceptions either. In Perl, we use die and eval to raise and trap exceptions as a rather common practice. So, the bindings have to work a little black magic behind the scenes to keep GLib from exploding when the Perl program uses exceptions. Unfortunately, a little of this magic has to leak out to where you can see it at the Perl level. Signal and event handlers are run in an eval context; if an exception occurs in such a handler and you don't catch it, Perl will report that an error occurred, and then go on about its business like nothing happened. You may register subroutines as exception handlers, to be called when such an exception is trapped. Another function removes them for you. $tag = Glib->install_exception_handler (\&my_handler); Glib->remove_exception_handler ($tag); The exception handler will get a fresh copy of the $@ of the offending exception on the argument stack, and is expected to return non-zero if the handler is to remain installed. If it returns false, the handler will be removed. sub my_handler { if ($_[0] =~ m/ftang quisinart/) { clean_up_after_ftang (); } 1; # live to fight another day } You can register as many handlers as you like; they will all run independently. An important thing to remember is that exceptions do not cross main loops. In fact, exceptions are completely distinct from main loops. If you need to quit a main loop when an exception occurs, install a handler that quits the main loop, but also ask yourself if you are using exceptions for flow control or exception handling. =head1 LOG MESSAGES GLib's g_log function provides a flexible mechanism for reporting messages, and most GLib-based C libraries use this mechanism for warnings, assertions, critical messages, etc. The Perl bindings offer a mechanism for routing these messages through Perl's native system, warn() and die(). Extensions should register the log domains they wrap for this to happen fluidly. [FIXME say more here] =head1 64 BIT INTEGERS Since perl's integer data type can only hold 32 bit values on all 32 bit machines and even on some 64 bit machines, Glib converts 64 bit integers to and from strings if necessary. These strings can then be used to feed one of the various big integer modules. Make sure you don't let your strings get into numerical context before passing them into a Glib function because in this case, perl will convert the number to scientific notation which at this point is not understood by Glib's converters. Here is an overview of what big integer modules are available. First of all, there's Math::BigInt. It has everything you will ever need, but its pure-Perl implementation is also rather slow. There are multiple ways around this, though. =over =item L<Math::BigInt::FastCalc> L<Math::BigInt::FastCalc> can help avoid the glacial speed of vanilla L<Math::BigInt::Calc>. Recent versions of L<Math::BigInt> will automatically use L<Math::BigInt::FastCalc> in place of L<Math::BigInt::Calc> when available. Other options include L<Math::BigInt::GMP> or L<Math::BigInt::Pari>, which however have much larger dependencies. =item L<Math::BigInt::Lite> Then there's L<Math::BigInt::Lite>, which uses native Perl integer operations as long as Perl integers have sufficient range, and upgrades itself to L<Math::BigInt> when Perl integers would overflow. This must be used in place of L<Math::BigInt>. =item L<bigint> / L<bignum> / L<bigfloat> Finally, there's the bigint/bignum/bigfloat pragmata, which automatically load the corresponding Math:: modules and which will autobox constants. bignum/bigint will automatically use L<Math::BigInt::Lite> if it's available. =back =head1 EXPORTS For the most part, gtk2-perl avoids exporting things. Nothing is exported by default, but some functions and constants in Glib are available by request; you can also get all of them with the export tag "all". =over =item Tag: constants TRUE FALSE G_PRIORITY_HIGH G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT G_PRIORITY_HIGH_IDLE G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT_IDLE G_PRIORITY_LOW G_PARAM_READWRITE =item Tag: functions filename_from_unicode filename_to_unicode filename_from_uri filename_to_uri filename_display_basename filename_display_name =back =head1 SEE ALSO L<Glib::Object::Subclass> explains how to create your own gobject subclasses in Perl. L<Glib::index> lists the automatically-generated API reference for the various packages in Glib. This module is the basis for the Gtk2 module, so most of the references you'll be able to find about this one are tied to that one. The perl interface aims to be very simply related to the C API, so see the C API reference documentation: GLib - http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/2.0/glib/ GObject - http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/2.0/gobject/ This module serves as the foundation for any module which needs to bind GLib-based C libraries to perl. Glib::devel - Binding developer's overview of Glib's internals Glib::xsapi - internal API reference for GPerl Glib::ParseXSDoc - extract API docs from xs sources. Glib::GenPod - turn the output of Glib::ParseXSDoc into POD Glib::MakeHelper - Makefile.PL utilities for Glib-based extensions Yet another document, available separately, ties it all together: http://gtk2-perl.sourceforge.net/doc/binding_howto.pod.html For gtk2-perl itself, see its website at gtk2-perl - http://gtk2-perl.sourceforge.net/ A mailing list exists for discussion of using gtk2-perl and related modules. Archives and subscription information are available at http://lists.gnome.org/. =head1 AUTHORS =encoding utf8 muppet, E<lt>scott at asofyet dot orgE<gt>, who borrowed heavily from the work of G├╢ran Thyni, E<lt>gthyni at kirra dot netE<gt> and Guillaume Cottenceau E<lt>gc at mandrakesoft dot comE<gt> on the first gtk2-perl module, and from the sourcecode of the original gtk-perl and pygtk projects. Marc Lehmann E<lt>pcg at goof dot comE<gt> did lots of great work on the magic of making Glib::Object wrapper and subclassing work like they should. Ross McFarland <rwmcfa1 at neces dot com> wrote quite a bit of the documentation generation tools. Torsten Schoenfeld <kaffeetisch at web dot de> contributed little patches and tests here and there. =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright 2003-2009 by muppet and the gtk2-perl team This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Lesser General Public License (LGPL). For more information, see http://www.fsf.org/licenses/lgpl.txt =cut